Cosmology · Advanced
The 31 Planes of Existence
三十一界
31 Alam Kewujudan
Classical Buddhist cosmology of sense-sphere, fine-material, and immaterial realms, with Nibbāna outside the 31 planes.
Learning objectives
- Know the broad cosmological structure
- Distinguish conditioned realms from Nibbāna
- Understand liberation beyond rebirth
